18: The Role of Mountains in Biblical Narrative and Theology

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1. Introduction

Mountains hold a prominent place in biblical literature and theology, serving as sites of divine revelation, covenant-making, and spiritual encounter. This article examines the theological significance of mountains in the Bible, their narrative roles, and their enduring symbolism in Judeo-Christian tradition.

2. Mountains as Places of Divine Encounter

Biblical narratives frequently depict mountains as locations where God reveals Himself to humanity:

  • Mount Sinai: Where Moses received the Ten Commandments, symbolising covenant and law (Exodus 19–20).
  • Mount Horeb: Often identified with Sinai, a place of theophany (Exodus 3).
  • Mount Zion: Symbolic of God’s presence and the spiritual centre of Israel (Psalm 2; Isaiah 2).

3. Mountains in Prophetic and Messianic Literature

Mountains represent stability, refuge, and divine justice in prophetic texts:

  • The “mountain of the Lord” is portrayed as a place of universal worship and peace (Isaiah 2:2–4).
  • Messianic imagery frequently includes mountains as sites of eschatological hope (Micah 4:1–5).

4. Mountains in the New Testament

Mountains continue to be significant in Christian theology:

  • Jesus’ Transfiguration on a high mountain (Matthew 17) signifies divine glory.
  • The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7) presents foundational ethical teachings.

5. Symbolism and Spirituality

Mountains symbolize transcendence, closeness to God, and spiritual ascent in both Jewish and Christian traditions, influencing liturgy, art, and pilgrimage practices (Brueggemann, 2002).

6. Conclusion

Mountains in the Bible are rich theological symbols and narrative settings that articulate divine-human relationships, law, and hope. Their significance continues to shape religious thought and practice.

References

  • Brueggemann, W. (2002). Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Fortress Press.
  • Freedman, D. N. (Ed.). (2000). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Doubleday.
  • Long, T. G. (1997). Hebrew Mountains and the Theology of Place. Journal of Biblical Literature, 116(3), 451–469.
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