3: Spirit — Ruach (OT), Pneuma (NT), and Intertestamental Usage

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1. Hebrew Term: Ruach — רוּחַ

Pronunciation: roo-AKH (ch as in Bach)
Meaning: Spirit, breath, wind; the invisible life force and presence of God or humans.

Old Testament Usage:

  • Describes God’s creative and life-giving Spirit (Genesis 1:2).
  • Associated with prophecy, inspiration, and empowerment (Judges 3:10).
  • Also denotes human spirit or emotional disposition (Psalm 51:10).

Intertestamental Usage:

  • The Septuagint translates ruach mostly as pneuma, introducing Greek philosophical nuances.
  • Jewish literature (e.g., Wisdom of Solomon) expands the Spirit’s role as guiding wisdom and life-giver.
  • The Spirit is linked to eschatological renewal and divine inspiration.

New Testament Usage:

  • Pneuma refers to the Holy Spirit as the third Person of the Trinity (John 14:26).
  • Emphasizes regeneration, sanctification, and spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12:4).
  • Also describes the human spirit and spiritual realities.

Example Verses:

  • Genesis 1:2 (OT): “The Spirit (ruach) of God was hovering over the waters.”
  • Wisdom of Solomon 1:7 (ITL): “The spirit of the Lord fills the world…”
  • John 14:26 (NT): “But the Helper, the Holy Spirit (pneuma), whom the Father will send…”

Comparative Summary:

  • Ruach in the OT centers on God’s power in creation and prophecy.
  • Intertestamental literature bridges Hebrew spirituality and Greek philosophy, enriching Spirit theology.
  • Pneuma in the NT fully reveals the Spirit’s Trinitarian role in salvation and the church.
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