3: The Holy Spirit (Ruach) in Ancient Jewish Thought


1. Term: Ruach — רוּחַ (Spirit, Breath, Wind)

Meaning: Spirit; God’s dynamic presence, life-giving breath, or wind.

2. Historical-Cultural Context:

  • In ancient Israel and broader Near Eastern cultures, “ruach” referred to invisible forces like wind and breath, symbolizing life and power.
  • It conveyed God’s active presence in creation, prophecy, inspiration, and empowerment.
  • The Holy Spirit was seen as the source of wisdom, courage, and divine action in leaders and prophets.
  • Unlike later Christian Trinitarian understanding, ruach was understood more as God’s impersonal power or presence.

3. Biblical Examples and Notes:

  • Genesis 1:2 — “The Spirit (ruach) of God was hovering over the waters,” depicting God’s creative activity.
  • Judges 3:10 — “The Spirit (ruach) of the LORD came upon him,” empowering judges for leadership.
  • Ezekiel 37:14 — “I will put my Spirit (ruach) within you, and you shall live,” symbolizing restoration.

4. Cultural Significance:

  • Ruach expresses God’s life-giving power and presence throughout history.
  • It underscores God’s sovereignty and ability to inspire and transform individuals and nations.
  • In Jewish thought, ruach bridges natural and supernatural realms, showing God’s ongoing involvement.