1. Term: Ruach — רוּחַ (Spirit, Breath, Wind)
Meaning: Spirit; God’s dynamic presence, life-giving breath, or wind.
2. Historical-Cultural Context:
- In ancient Israel and broader Near Eastern cultures, “ruach” referred to invisible forces like wind and breath, symbolizing life and power.
- It conveyed God’s active presence in creation, prophecy, inspiration, and empowerment.
- The Holy Spirit was seen as the source of wisdom, courage, and divine action in leaders and prophets.
- Unlike later Christian Trinitarian understanding, ruach was understood more as God’s impersonal power or presence.
3. Biblical Examples and Notes:
- Genesis 1:2 — “The Spirit (ruach) of God was hovering over the waters,” depicting God’s creative activity.
- Judges 3:10 — “The Spirit (ruach) of the LORD came upon him,” empowering judges for leadership.
- Ezekiel 37:14 — “I will put my Spirit (ruach) within you, and you shall live,” symbolizing restoration.
4. Cultural Significance:
- Ruach expresses God’s life-giving power and presence throughout history.
- It underscores God’s sovereignty and ability to inspire and transform individuals and nations.
- In Jewish thought, ruach bridges natural and supernatural realms, showing God’s ongoing involvement.