36: Latin American Theology

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1. Theological Category and Placement

Category: Contextual Theology

Latin American Theology is situated within Contextual Theology as a theological reflection deeply rooted in the social, political, and cultural realities of Latin America. It emphasizes the preferential option for the poor and liberation from systemic injustice, integrating biblical faith with grassroots social activism and cultural identity (Gutiérrez, 1973).

2. Introduction

Emerging prominently in the 1960s and 1970s, Latin American Theology responds to widespread poverty, political oppression, and social inequality in the region. It seeks to articulate a theology that is both liberative and contextual, critiquing structures of sin and advocating for the empowerment of marginalized communities. Gustavo Gutiérrez is widely recognized as a foundational figure in this tradition (Gutiérrez, 1973).

3. Historical Development

Latin American Theology developed alongside liberation movements and was influenced by Vatican II and the Medellín Conference (1968), which underscored the Church’s commitment to the poor. The movement has grown to incorporate feminist, indigenous, and postcolonial perspectives, adapting its liberative focus to diverse contexts within the region (Bevans & Schroeder, 2004).

4. Core Doctrines and Theological Emphases

  • Preferential Option for the Poor: A central commitment to the liberation and dignity of the oppressed.
  • Structural Sin: Understanding sin embedded in socio-economic and political systems.
  • Praxis: Theology inseparable from concrete social action and transformation.
  • Inculturation: Expressing Christian faith through Latin American cultural forms and experiences.
  • Community and Solidarity: Emphasis on communal life and mutual support.

5. Scriptural and Theological Foundations

Latin American Theology draws on biblical narratives of liberation such as the Exodus, the prophetic calls for justice, and Jesus’ ministry to the poor (Luke 4:18–19). It interprets Scripture through the lens of marginalized communities, advocating a theology committed to justice and freedom (Gutiérrez, 1973).

6. Influence and Impact

This theology has profoundly shaped pastoral practice, ecclesial priorities, and social movements in Latin America and beyond. It has challenged the Church to engage more actively in issues of social justice and human rights, influencing global theological discourse and liberation movements worldwide (Bevans & Schroeder, 2004).

7. Representative Theologians and Key Works

  • Gustavo Gutiérrez – A Theology of Liberation (1973)
  • Leonardo Boff – Brazilian liberation theologian and eco-theologian
  • Juan Luis Segundo – Theologian focused on liberation and social justice
  • Marta Dillon – Feminist and liberation theologian from Argentina

8. Conclusion

Latin American Theology offers a powerful contextual articulation of Christian faith that challenges systemic injustice and advocates liberation. Its integration of theology and praxis enriches both local communities and global theological thought.

9. References

  • Bevans, S. B., & Schroeder, R. P. (2004). Constants in Context: A Theology of Mission for Today. Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1973). A Theology of Liberation. Orbis Books.
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