1. Theological Category and Placement
Category: Contextual Theology
Minjung Theology is situated within Contextual Theology as a Korean contextual theological movement focusing on the experiences and struggles of the minjung—“the people,” specifically the oppressed and marginalized masses. It articulates Christian faith in solidarity with the suffering and liberation of the oppressed, addressing social, political, and economic injustices in Korea (Suh, 1991).
2. Introduction
Minjung Theology emerged in the 1970s in South Korea as theologians and activists responded to authoritarian regimes, social inequality, and cultural oppression. The movement emphasizes the role of the Christian gospel as liberating and empowering the oppressed minjung. It draws on indigenous Korean culture, history, and communal values, presenting a theology deeply rooted in the people’s collective experience (Suh, 1991).
3. Historical Development
The theology developed amid South Korea’s rapid industrialization and political repression. Influential figures like Ahn Byung-mu and Suh Nam-dong shaped Minjung Theology by integrating biblical liberation themes with Korean cultural symbols. The movement aligned itself with social activism, labour movements, and democratic struggles, making theology a tool for social transformation (Kim, 1991).
4. Core Doctrines and Theological Emphases
- Liberation of the Oppressed: Central focus on liberating the minjung from structural injustices.
- Solidarity: Theology arising from and standing with the oppressed masses.
- Inculturation: Integration of Korean cultural and religious motifs in Christian theology.
- Communal Identity: Emphasis on community and collective salvation.
- Political Engagement: Active involvement in social justice and democratic movements.
5. Scriptural and Theological Foundations
Minjung Theology bases itself on biblical narratives of liberation (Exodus, the prophets) and Jesus’ ministry to the poor and oppressed. It interprets Scripture as a call to social justice and solidarity with marginalized communities, contextualizing the gospel within Korean history and culture (Suh, 1991).
6. Influence and Impact
Minjung Theology has significantly influenced Korean Christianity and its social activism. It has contributed to democratization movements and continues to inspire theological reflection on social justice globally. The movement represents a vibrant contextual theology addressing oppression and liberation (Kim, 1991).
7. Representative Theologians and Key Works
- Ahn Byung-mu – Pioneer of Minjung Theology
- Suh Nam-dong – Key theologian and activist
- Chang Soo-keun – Theologian integrating culture and liberation
- Kyung-Chik Han – Influential Korean pastor and theologian
8. Conclusion
Minjung Theology offers a powerful contextual articulation of Christian faith rooted in the experiences of Korea’s oppressed masses. It enriches Contextual Theology by emphasizing liberation, cultural identity, and social engagement in theology and ministry.
9. References
- Kim, S. C. (1991). Minjung Theology: People as the Subject of History. Fortress Press.
- Suh, N. D. (1991). The Theology of the Minjung. Presbyterian Church Press.