7: Messiah Expectations in Second Temple Judaism

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1. Term: Messiah — מָשִׁיחַ (Mashiach)

Meaning: Anointed one; expected deliverer and king.

2. Historical-Cultural Context:

  • During the Second Temple period (roughly 516 BC to 70 AD), Jewish hopes for the Messiah diversified.
  • Various groups anticipated different types of messiahs:
    • A royal messiah from David’s line to restore political independence.
    • A priestly messiah to purify worship.
    • A prophetic or eschatological figure to bring judgment and salvation.
  • Messianic expectations were shaped by political oppression under foreign powers (Persians, Greeks, Romans).
  • Apocalyptic literature often framed the Messiah’s coming as part of cosmic renewal.

3. Literary Examples:

  • Dead Sea Scrolls reflect messianic beliefs including multiple messianic figures.
  • 1 Enoch and Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs portray eschatological deliverers.
  • The Psalms of Solomon speak of a righteous king to vindicate Israel.

4. Cultural Significance:

  • Messianic hope provided a framework for Jewish identity and resistance under foreign rule.
  • The variety of expectations contributed to differing interpretations of Jesus’ messiahship.
  • Understanding these backgrounds helps clarify New Testament presentations of Jesus as Messiah.
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