8: The Kingdom of God in Jewish Thought

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1. Term: Kingdom of God — מַלְכוּת הָאֱלֹהִים (Malkuth HaElohim)

Meaning: God’s reign, sovereignty, and rule.

2. Historical-Cultural Context:

  • In Jewish thought, the kingdom was both a present reality and future hope.
  • It encompassed God’s rule over creation, Israel, and the nations.
  • Political oppression under empires like Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome intensified yearning for God’s kingdom.
  • Apocalyptic literature envisioned a future, perfected kingdom with justice and peace.

3. Literary Examples:

  • Daniel 7 describes God’s everlasting kingdom replacing earthly kingdoms.
  • Psalms speak of God’s reign and kingship over all.
  • Intertestamental texts expand on the nature and coming of God’s kingdom.

4. Cultural Significance:

  • The concept shaped Jewish expectations for deliverance and divine justice.
  • Jesus’ proclamation of the kingdom introduced new theological dimensions—spiritual, ethical, and eschatological.
  • Understanding this background clarifies the multifaceted nature of the kingdom in the New Testament.
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