1. Introduction
The conflict between Stephen and the Jewish authorities, culminating in his martyrdom, marks a significant moment in the early church’s confrontation with religious opposition. This article examines Stephen’s role, the theological content of his speech, and the broader implications of this controversy.
2. Literary Context and Narrative Overview
Stephen, one of the seven appointed to oversee the daily distribution to widows (Acts 6:1–6), quickly became known for his “faith and power” (Acts 6:8). His preaching incited opposition from certain synagogue members, leading to his arrest and trial before the Sanhedrin (Acts 6:9–15).
3. Exegesis of Key Passages
Acts 7:1–53:
Stephen delivers a lengthy speech recounting Israel’s history, highlighting God’s faithfulness amid repeated rebellion.
- He accuses the Jewish leaders of resisting the Holy Spirit and betraying and murdering the Righteous One (vv. 51–52).
- His speech presents a prophetic indictment of Israel’s failure to recognise and accept God’s messengers.
Acts 7:54–60:
Stephen’s speech provokes violent outrage; he is stoned to death, becoming the first Christian martyr.
- His final prayer echoes Jesus’ forgiveness (v. 60), affirming his identification with Christ’s sufferings.
4. Theological Reflection
- Prophetic Critique: Stephen’s speech serves as a call to repentance and a condemnation of religious hypocrisy.
- Continuity and Fulfilment: He traces God’s covenant history to affirm Jesus as the Messiah, the culmination of Israel’s story.
- Witness through Suffering: Stephen’s martyrdom exemplifies faithful witness amid persecution, modelling Christlike forgiveness.
5. Conclusion
Stephen’s conflict with Jewish authorities encapsulates early Christian tensions with established religious powers and the cost of faithful witness. His speech and martyrdom profoundly shaped the church’s identity and mission.