Hebrews (Bible Translation History)
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations 1.1 Ancient Translations (Before 5th Century CE) 1.2 Medieval Translations (5th–15th Century CE) 1.3…
1. Chronological Evolution of Bible Translations This section traces the historical development of Bible translations with a focus on the…
The Meaning and Use of “Scripture” in Jewish Tradition and the Time of Jesus The Use of the Term “Scripture”…
1. Introduction The concept of Scripture (Greek: graphē) occupies a foundational role in both Jewish religious tradition and early Christian…
1. Introduction The Greek term graphē (“Scripture”) occurs 51 times in the New Testament, always referencing sacred, authoritative writings. This…
1. Introduction While the New Testament canon as we know it was not finalised until the 4th century AD, there…
1. Introduction The Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, held a central place in the lives of…
1. Introduction The phrase “It is written” (gegraptai) appears repeatedly in the New Testament, signalling an appeal to the authority…
1. Introduction The New Testament canon, as recognised by the Church today, did not emerge instantaneously. Rather, it developed gradually…
1. Introduction Among the most significant declarations regarding the nature of Scripture in the New Testament is found in 2…
1. Introduction From the earliest days of the Church, the reading and exposition of Scripture formed the backbone of Christian…
The Meaning of “Scripture” in Ancient Israel From Revelation to Record – How the Old Testament Was Written The Torah…
1. Introduction The concept of Scripture did not emerge fully formed in ancient Israel. Rather, it developed gradually as certain…
1. Introduction The formation of the Old Testament involved a remarkable process by which divine revelation was preserved through human…
1. Introduction The Torah—also known as the Pentateuch, comprising Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—is the foundational unit of the…
1. Introduction The Prophets constitute the second major division of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), following the Torah. These books preserve…
1. Introduction The Writings (Ketuvim) constitute the third and most diverse division of the Hebrew Bible. Encompassing poetry, wisdom literature,…
1. Introduction The question of how the Old Testament canon was formed has long been central to biblical scholarship and…
1. Introduction The question of what makes a text Scripture is fundamentally tied to the concept of inspiration—the belief that…
1. Introduction While the canon of the Hebrew Bible was formed over centuries, it was through daily usage, worship, and…
1. Introduction The Septuagint (LXX) represents the earliest and most influential translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, rendered into Greek between…
1. Introduction The Hebrew Bible’s survival through millennia is a testimony to the meticulous care, religious reverence, and technological adaptation…
1. Introduction The Hebrew Bible was not merely a historical backdrop to the life of Jesus and the birth of…
1. Introduction The transition from the Hebrew Bible to the New Testament does not represent a rupture in divine revelation…
The Relationship Between the Old Testament and New Testament (Version 1) The Relationship Between the Old Testament and New Testament…
1. Introduction The Christian Bible, comprising the Old and New Testaments, presents a theological continuity that spans diverse historical contexts,…
1. Introduction The Bible, a canonical collection of sacred texts within the Christian tradition, is divided into two major divisions:…
The Grand Biblical Timeline: From Lucifer’s Fall to the New Creation The 66 Books of the Bible in Chronological Order…
PRE-TEMPORAL (Before Genesis 1:1) CREATION AND EARLY HISTORY (Genesis 1–11) PATRIARCHAL ERA (Genesis 12–50) EXODUS AND LAW (Exodus–Deuteronomy) CONQUEST, JUDGES,…
1. Genesis (Bible Summary) 2. Exodus (Bible Summary) 3. Leviticus (Bible Summary) 4. Numbers (Bible Summary) 5. Deuteronomy (Bible Summary)…
The Beginning of God’s Creation and the Patriarchs Introduction:Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Pentateuch, traditionally…
Deliverance and Covenant Introduction:Exodus is the second book in the Bible and part of the Pentateuch, traditionally attributed to Moses.…
A Manual of Worship and Holiness Introduction:Leviticus, the third book in the Pentateuch, is traditionally attributed to Moses. It continues…
Israel’s Journey in the Wilderness Introduction:The Book of Numbers, traditionally attributed to Moses, chronicles the journey of the Israelites through…
The Covenant Renewed and the Leadership Transition Preamble (1:1–5) Historical Prologue (1:6—4:43) Stipulations of the Covenant (4:44—26:19) Ratification; Curses and…
The Conquest and Division of the Promised Land The Entrance into the Land (1:1—5:12) The Conquest of the Land (5:13—12:24)…
A Cycle of Apostasy, Oppression, and Deliverance Prologue: Incomplete Conquest and Apostasy (1:1—3:6) Oppression and Deliverance (3:7—16:31) Epilogue: Religious and…
A Story of Loyalty, Redemption, and Restoration Introduction: Naomi Emptied (1:1–5) Naomi Returns from Moab (1:6–22) Ruth and Boaz Meet…
1 Samuel: The Rise of Israel’s First Kings I. Samuel: God’s Prophet, Priest, and Judge (Chapters 1-8)A. Birth of Samuel…
The book of 2 Samuel focuses on the consolidation of David’s kingship over Israel, highlighting both his successes and his…
The Solomonic Era (1:1—12:24) Solomon’s Succession to the Throne (1:1—2:12) Solomon’s Wisdom (ch. 3) Solomon’s Reign Characterized (ch. 4) Solomon’s…
2 Kings, focusing on the major events and transitions during the reigns of various kings, the ministries of Elijah and…
The Book of 2 Chronicles highlights the reigns of various kings of Judah, with a strong emphasis on the construction…
The Book of Ezra recounts the return of the Jewish exiles from Babylon and the rebuilding of the temple, with…
The book of Nehemiah focuses on the rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls after the Babylonian exile, as well as the spiritual…
The book of Esther outlines the dramatic story of how Queen Esther, with the help of her cousin Mordecai, saves…
The book of Job explores profound themes of suffering, faith, divine justice, and human understanding. Prologue (Chapters 1-2) Dialogue-Dispute (Chapters…
The book of Psalms is a collection of songs, prayers, and poems, divided into five books, which express a wide…
1. Prologue: Purpose and Theme (1:1–7) 2. The Superiority of the Way of Wisdom (1:8—9:18) A. Appeals and Warnings Confronting…
1. Author (1:1) 2. Theme: The Meaninglessness of Human Efforts Apart from God (1:2) 3. Introduction: The Profitlessness of Human…
1. Title (1:1) 2. The First Meeting (1:2—2:7) 3. The Second Meeting (2:8—3:5) 4. The Third Meeting (3:6—5:1) 5. The…
1. Messages of Rebuke and Promise (chs. 1–6) Introduction: Charges against Judah for Breaking the Covenant (ch. 1) The Future…
1. Call of the Prophet (ch. 1) 2. Warnings and Exhortations to Judah (chs. 2–35) Earliest Discourses (chs. 2–6) Temple…
1. Jerusalem’s Misery and Desolation (ch. 1) 2. The Lord’s Anger against His People (ch. 2) 3. Judah’s Complaint—and Basis…
1. Oracles of Judgment against Israel (chs. 1–24) Ezekiel’s Inaugural Vision (chs. 1–3) Symbolic Acts Portraying the Siege of Jerusalem…
1. Prologue: The Setting (ch. 1; in Hebrew) A. Historical Introduction (1:1–2) B. Daniel and His Friends Are Taken Captive…
Superscription (1:1) The Unfaithful Wife and the Faithful Husband (1:2—3:5) The Unfaithful Nation and the Faithful God (chs. 4–14)
Title (1:1) Judah Experiences a Foretaste of the Day of the Lord (1:2—2:17) Judah Is Assured of Salvation in the…
Superscription (1:1) Oracles against the Nations, including Judah and Israel (1:3—2:16) Oracles against Israel (3:1—5:17) Announcements of Exile (5:18—6:14) Visions…
Title and Introduction (1) Judgment on Edom (2-14) The Day of the Lord (15-21)
Jonah Flees His Mission (chs. 1–2) Jonah Reluctantly Fulfills His Mission (chs. 3–4)
Title (1:1) First Cycle: Judgment and Restoration of Israel and Judah (1:2—2:13) Second Cycle: Indictment of Judah’s Leaders, but Future…
Title (1:1) Nineveh’s Judge (1:2–15) Nineveh’s Judgment (ch. 2) Nineveh’s Total Destruction (ch. 3)
Title (1:1) Habakkuk’s First Complaint: Why does the evil in Judah go unpunished? (1:2–4) God’s Answer: The Babylonians will punish…
Introduction (1:1–3) Title: The Prophet Identified (1:1) Prologue: Double Announcement of Total Judgment (1:2–3) The Day of the Lord Coming…
First Message: The Call to Rebuild the Temple (1:1–11) The People’s Lame Excuse (1:1–4) The Poverty of the People (1:5–6)…
Introduction (1:1–6) A Series of Eight Visions in One Night (1:7—6:8) The Horseman among the Myrtle Trees (1:7–17) The Four…
Title (1:1) Introduction: God’s Faithful Covenant Love for Israel Affirmed (1:2–5) Israel’s Unfaithfulness Rebuked (1:6—2:16) The Unfaithfulness of the Priests…
The Birth and Early Years of Jesus (chs. 1–2) His Genealogy (1:1–17) His Birth (1:18—2:12) His Sojourn in Egypt (2:13–23)…
The Beginnings of Jesus’ Ministry (1:1–13) His Forerunner (1:1–8) His Baptism (1:9–11) His Temptation (1:12–13) Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee (1:14—6:29)…
The Preface (1:1–4) The Births of John the Baptist and Jesus (1:5—2:52) The Annunciations (1:5–56) The Birth of John the…
Prologue: The Word Became Flesh (1:1–18) The Beginning of Jesus’ Ministry (1:19–51) John the Baptist’s Testimony about Jesus (1:19–34) John’s…
Peter and the Beginnings of the Church in the Holy Land (chs. 1–12) “Throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria” (1:1—9:31; see…
Introduction (1:1–15) Theme: Righteousness from God (1:16–17) The Unrighteousness of All People (1:18—3:20) Gentiles (1:18–32) Jews (2:1—3:8) Summary: All People…
Introduction (1:1–9) Divisions in the Church (1:10—4:21) The Fact of the Divisions (1:10–17) The Causes of the Divisions (1:18—4:13) The…
Apologetic: Paul’s Explanation of His Conduct and Apostolic Ministry (chs. 1–7) Greetings (1:1–2) Thanksgiving for Divine Comfort in Affliction (1:3–11)…
Introduction (1:1–10) Greetings (1:1–5) Denunciation (1:6–10) Personal: Authentication of the Apostle of Liberty and Faith (1:11—2:21) Paul’s Gospel Was Received…
Greetings (1:1–2) The Divine Purpose: The Glory and Headship of Christ (1:3–14) Prayer That Christians May Realize God’s Purpose and…
Greetings (1:1–2) Thanksgiving and Prayer for the Philippians (1:3–11) Paul’s Personal Circumstances (1:12–26) Exhortations (1:27—2:18) Living a Life Worthy of…
Introduction (1:1–14) Greetings (1:1–2) Thanksgiving (1:3–8) Prayer (1:9–14) The Supremacy of Christ (1:15–23) Paul’s Labor for the Church (1:24—2:7) His…
The Thanksgiving for the Thessalonians (ch. 1) The Grounds for the Thanksgiving (1:1–4) The Genuineness of the Grounds (1:5–10) The…
Introduction (ch. 1) Greetings (1:1–2) Thanksgiving for Their Faith, Love, and Perseverance (1:3–10) Intercession for Their Spiritual Progress (1:11–12) Instruction…
Greetings (1:1–2) Warning against False Teachers (1:3–11) The Nature of the Heresy (1:3–7) The Purpose of the Law (1:8–11) The…
Introduction (1:1–4) Paul’s Concern for Timothy (1:5–14) Paul’s Situation (1:15–18) Special Instructions to Timothy (ch. 2) Call for Endurance (2:1–13)…
Greetings (1:1–4) Concerning Elders (1:5–9) Reasons for Leaving Titus in Crete (1:5) Qualifications of Elders (1:6–9) Concerning False Teachers (1:10–16)…
Greetings (1–3) Thanksgiving and Prayer (4–7) Paul’s Plea for Onesimus (8–21) Final Request, Greetings and Benediction (22–25)
Prologue: The Superiority of God’s New Revelation (1:1–4) The Superiority of Christ to Leading Figures under the Old Covenant (1:5—7:28)…
Greetings (1:1) Trials and Temptations (1:2–18) The Testing of Faith (1:2–12) The Source of Temptation (1:13–18) Listening and Doing (1:19–27)…
Greetings (1:1–2) Praise to God for His Grace and Salvation (1:3–12) Exhortations to Holiness of Life (1:13—5:11) The Requirement of…
Greetings (1:1–2) Exhortation to Growth in Christian Virtues (1:3–11) The Divine Enablement (1:3–4) The Call for Growth (1:5–7) The Value…
Introduction: The Reality of the Incarnation (1:1–4) The Christian Life as Fellowship with the Father and the Son (1:5—2:28) Ethical…
Greetings (1–3) Commendation (4) Exhortation and Warning (5–11) Conclusion and Final Greetings (12–13)