Section 1: The Nature of Time
Time contains past, present, and future, but only the present truly exists. The past is no longer, and the future is not yet, so both depend on the present for existence. Time flows, but this flow is only perceived by human consciousness. It is difficult to define time because it involves things that are and are not simultaneously. Time does not have independent existence apart from created beings who experience it. It is mutable and fleeting, marked by succession and change. This paradox challenges the understanding of temporal reality.
Section 2: Human Perception of Time
Human awareness of time arises from memory of the past, attention to the present, and expectation of the future. These faculties create the experience of time’s flow. The mind holds these three dimensions simultaneously, giving the impression of continuity. Without memory, the past ceases to exist; without expectation, the future does not appear. Attention anchors the present as the point of experience. Thus, time is psychologically conditioned rather than objectively existent in itself. This perception explains the subjective variability of temporal experience.
Section 3: God’s Relation to Time
God exists outside time, in an eternal “now” without past or future. God’s eternity is not an endless extension but an immediate and complete presence. Divine being is unchanging and self-sufficient, transcending temporal succession. God’s timelessness means He sustains all time while not being bound by it. Unlike creatures who live within time, God’s existence is absolute and eternal. This eternal nature defines God’s sovereignty and immutability. God’s perspective encompasses all temporal events simultaneously.
Section 4: The Creation of Time
Time began with creation; it has no existence apart from God’s creative act. There was no “before” creation in a temporal sense because time itself did not yet exist. Creation is the origin point of time and space. Time marks the unfolding of God’s will and providence in the universe. All temporal phenomena depend on God’s sustaining power. The finite nature of time contrasts with divine eternity. Time’s beginning highlights God’s authority as Creator.
Section 5: Theological Implications
Temporal existence is provisional and oriented toward eternal union with God. Human life within time prepares for participation in God’s timeless presence. Salvation transcends temporal limitations and culminates in eternal life. Awareness of time’s fleeting nature encourages focus on the eternal. The soul’s longing is ultimately fulfilled in God beyond time. God’s eternal nature offers hope beyond temporal suffering and decay. The chapter integrates metaphysical reflection with spiritual hope.