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14: Kingdom — Malkuth (OT), Basileia (NT), and Intertestamental Usage
1. Hebrew Term: Malkuth (Malchut) — מַלְכוּת Pronunciation: mal-KOOTMeaning: Kingdom, reign, sovereignty; refers to God’s rule and the dominion of…
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15: Law — Torah (OT), Nomos (NT), and Intertestamental Usage
1. Hebrew Term: Torah — תּוֹרָה Pronunciation: toh-RAHMeaning: Law, instruction, teaching; refers primarily to the Pentateuch and God’s revealed will…
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1: Covenant (Berith) in Ancient Near Eastern Context
1. Term: Berith — בְּרִית (Covenant) Meaning: Formal agreement or treaty between parties, especially between God and Israel. 2. Historical-Cultural…
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2: Kingship (Melek) and Monarchy in Ancient Israel
1. Term: Melek — מֶלֶךְ (King) Meaning: King, ruler, sovereign; a political and often religious leader. 2. Historical-Cultural Context: 3.…
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3: The Holy Spirit (Ruach) in Ancient Jewish Thought
1. Term: Ruach — רוּחַ (Spirit, Breath, Wind) Meaning: Spirit; God’s dynamic presence, life-giving breath, or wind. 2. Historical-Cultural Context:…
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4: Covenant (Berith) Rituals and Symbolism
1. Term: Berith — בְּרִית (Covenant) Meaning: Formal agreement or treaty, especially between God and His people. 2. Historical-Cultural Context:…
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5: Kingship and Anointing (Melek and Mashiach)
1. Terms: 2. Historical-Cultural Context: 3. Biblical Examples and Notes: 4. Cultural Significance:
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6: The Holy Spirit in Early Judaism and Christianity
1. Term: Holy Spirit Meaning: God’s empowering presence and active force in the world and in believers. 2. Historical-Cultural Context:…
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7: Messiah Expectations in Second Temple Judaism
1. Term: Messiah — מָשִׁיחַ (Mashiach) Meaning: Anointed one; expected deliverer and king. 2. Historical-Cultural Context: 3. Literary Examples: 4.…
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8: The Kingdom of God in Jewish Thought
1. Term: Kingdom of God — מַלְכוּת הָאֱלֹהִים (Malkuth HaElohim) Meaning: God’s reign, sovereignty, and rule. 2. Historical-Cultural Context: 3.…