Latest - Lexnary

1 — The Concept and Functions of Money

Part A — Foundations of Money and Early Exchange Money is one of the most significant inventions in human history, serving as both an economic…
2 — Barter Systems in Prehistoric Societies (c. 9000 BCE – 3000 BCE)

Part A — Foundations of Money and Early Exchange Before the development of formal money, human societies relied on barter and reciprocal exchange to facilitate…
3 — Commodity Money in Ancient Civilisations (c. 3000 BCE – 600 BCE)

Part B — Commodity Money and Early Coinage With the expansion of trade and complexity in early societies, commodity money emerged as a widely recognised…
4 — The Advent of Coined Money (c. 600 BCE – 500 CE)

Part B — Commodity Money and Early Coinage The introduction of coinage marked a fundamental shift in monetary systems, combining intrinsic metal value with state…
5 — Paper Money and Credit in Early Trade (7th – 15th Century)

Part C — Paper Money and the Rise of Banking The emergence of paper money and early credit systems represents a significant evolution in monetary…
6 — The Development of Modern Banking (15th – 18th Century)

Part C — Paper Money and the Rise of Banking The period from the 15th to 18th centuries witnessed the formalisation of banking institutions and…
7 — The Gold Standard and Global Trade (19th Century)

Part D — Gold Standard and Fiat Money The 19th century was characterised by the adoption of the gold standard, which linked national currencies to…
8 — Fiat Money and Modern Monetary Systems (20th Century)

Part D — Gold Standard and Fiat Money The 20th century marked the transition from gold-backed currency to fiat money, where government-issued currency derives value…
9 — Digital Payments and Financial Globalisation (Late 20th – Early 21st Century)

Part E — Digital and Decentralised Finance The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed a technological transformation in money and finance, driven by the…
10 — Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance (2009 – Present)

Part E — Digital and Decentralised Finance The advent of cryptocurrencies and decentralised finance (DeFi) represents one of the most significant transformations in the monetary…