1. Name / Role
Medes
2. Category
Nations / Peoples
3. Time Period / Biblical Context
The Medes are mentioned in both historical and prophetic books of the Old Testament and briefly referenced in the New Testament. They appear prominently in the 7th and 6th centuries BC, especially in relation to the fall of Assyria and Babylon. They are also noted in apocalyptic visions and the Pentecost account.
4. Origin / Background
The Medes were an ancient Iranian people from the region of Media, located in northwestern modern-day Iran. They formed a powerful kingdom that later merged with the Persians under Cyrus the Great. Historically, the Medes allied with the Babylonians to defeat Assyria and later became part of the Medo-Persian Empire, which succeeded Babylon and ruled over a vast area of the ancient world.
5. Primary Role / Function
The Medes functioned as military allies, instruments of divine judgement, and participants in prophetic fulfilment. They were used by God to overthrow corrupt empires such as Assyria and Babylon. In the Book of Daniel, they are featured in both historical and visionary roles, particularly in relation to the succession of world empires.
6. Key Characteristics / Traits
- Fierce warriors and military tacticians
- Closely allied with Persians in forming a dual empire
- Played a transitional role in biblical history
- Remembered primarily for their role in divine judgement
- Represented culturally and linguistically at Pentecost
7. Symbolism / Spiritual Significance
The Medes symbolise divine intervention through foreign powers, the rise and fall of empires, and the fulfilment of prophecy. Though not central in Israel’s national story, they are significant in God’s sovereign orchestration of history. Their alliance with Persia helped usher in a new era of restoration for Israel.
8. Notable Figures / Examples
- Darius the Mede – Figure in the Book of Daniel who took over Babylon (Daniel 5:31; Daniel 6); debated by scholars in terms of historical identity
- Unnamed Medes – Part of the coalition that destroyed Nineveh (Nahum 1–3)
- Medes at Pentecost – Among the national groups present at the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:9)
9. Related Bible References
- Isaiah 13:17 – Medes prophesied to attack Babylon
- Jeremiah 51:11, 28 – God stirs the spirit of the kings of the Medes
- Daniel 5:31 – Darius the Mede receives the kingdom after Babylon’s fall
- Daniel 6 – Darius the Mede and Daniel in the lions’ den
- Acts 2:9 – Medes listed among the nations at Pentecost
- Nahum 2–3 – Destruction of Nineveh (implied involvement of Medes)
10. Summary / Reflection
The Medes played a significant though understated role in biblical history as instruments of divine justice and transition. Their military prowess was used by God to end oppressive regimes and prepare the way for new movements in redemptive history, including Israel’s return from exile. Though often overshadowed by the Persians, their partnership helped reshape the political landscape of the ancient Near East. Spiritually, the Medes remind readers that no power rises or falls outside of God’s sovereign timing, and that even distant nations can serve His redemptive purposes.