Summa Theologica – Thomas Aquinas
1. Full Citation
Aquinas, T. (1265–1274) Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (1920). New York: Benziger Bros. [Reprinted variously in modern editions].
2. Introduction
Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica is a monumental work of medieval theology and arguably the most comprehensive and systematic presentation of Christian doctrine ever written. Designed as a teaching manual for students of theology, it synthesises Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, addressing virtually every major theological, ethical, and metaphysical question of the time. This review examines the structure, intellectual scope, and ongoing influence of the Summa, highlighting its contributions to theology, philosophy, and the Church’s doctrinal development.
3. Author Background and Credentials
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was a Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian. Educated in Paris and influenced by Aristotle, Aquinas was canonised in 1323 and declared a Doctor of the Church. His theological framework, known as Thomism, became foundational in Catholic education and doctrine. He is considered the pre-eminent classical theologian of the Western Church, integrating reason and faith with unmatched precision.
4. Summary of Contents
The Summa Theologica is composed of three main parts, along with supplementary material (commonly referred to as the Supplement):
- Part I (Prima Pars) – Concerns the nature of God, the Trinity, creation, angels, and humanity.
- Part II (Prima Secundae & Secunda Secundae) – Addresses moral theology: human acts, virtues, vices, law, and the theological virtues (faith, hope, charity).
- Part III (Tertia Pars) – Focuses on Christology, the sacraments, and salvation.
- Supplementum – Posthumously compiled from Aquinas’s earlier work, covering eschatology and further sacramental matters.
Each topic is treated through a scholastic method:
- A question is posed.
- Objections are raised.
- A “sed contra” (contrary position) is offered.
- Aquinas presents his own “respondeo” (answer).
- Replies are given to each objection.
5. Critical Evaluation
a. Coherence and Argumentation
The Summa is rigorously structured, with each part logically connected. Aquinas balances speculative theology and pastoral concern. The Q&A format enhances clarity and systematic reasoning.
b. Originality and Intellectual Contribution
Aquinas’s integration of Aristotelian metaphysics with Christian doctrine was revolutionary. His distinctions (e.g., essence vs. existence, natural vs. supernatural law) deeply shaped Western theology and philosophy. His articulation of natural law and just war theory remains foundational in ethics and jurisprudence.
c. Evidence, Sources, and Method
The Summa is built upon Scripture, Church Fathers (especially Augustine), classical philosophy (especially Aristotle), and previous theologians. Aquinas demonstrates rational fidelity to both divine revelation and empirical observation.
d. Style and Accessibility
While concise and elegant, the scholastic style can be dense and formal for modern readers. However, it remains extremely clear for trained students due to its disciplined logic and structure.
e. Limitations and Critiques
Some Protestant readers critique its reliance on Church tradition and sacramental theology. Feminist and liberation theologians question its patriarchal assumptions. Nonetheless, its influence and consistency make it a masterwork even for those outside the Roman Catholic tradition.
6. Comparative Context
The Summa Theologica can be seen as the Catholic counterpart to Calvin’s Institutes or Augustine’s City of God. While Aquinas defends tradition and synthesis, Reformers often challenged his conclusions. Yet his influence is acknowledged even by Protestant theologians for his philosophical rigour and moral clarity.
7. Thematic or Disciplinary Relevance
The work is essential for studies in systematic theology, philosophy of religion, ethics, metaphysics, natural law, and sacramental theology. It remains a core curriculum in Catholic seminaries and is referenced in encyclicals and magisterial teachings.
8. Reflection or Practical Application
Though abstract, the Summa offers practical insights into virtue, morality, conscience, and human purpose. It is widely used in formation of clergy, Catholic education, moral theology, and bioethics. Aquinas’s clear ethical reasoning remains useful for navigating complex modern issues.
9. Conclusion
Summa Theologica is a monument of theological reasoning, offering a unified vision of reality under God. Its combination of faith and reason, Scripture and philosophy, continues to nourish the intellectual and spiritual life of the Church and academy alike.
Recommended for: Theologians, seminarians, philosophers, advanced students of Christian doctrine, and anyone engaging seriously with classical theology.
10. Other Works by the Same Author
- Summa Contra Gentiles – A rational defence of the faith for non-Christian audiences.
- Commentaries on Aristotle – Key texts connecting Christian doctrine with classical philosophy.
- De Veritate, De Malo, De Anima – Theological-philosophical treatises on truth, evil, and the soul.
11. Similar Books by Other Authors
- John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Religion
- Anselm of Canterbury – Proslogion
- Duns Scotus – Ordinatio
- Peter Lombard – Sentences
12. References (only if external works are cited)
- Aristotle (4th c. BC) Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics
- Augustine, S. (5th c.) On the Trinity, City of God
- Calvin, J. (1559) Institutes of the Christian Religion