Apologetics
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AI, Consciousness, and the Soul: A Christian Apologetic
1. Introduction: Machines That Think—Do They Also Have Souls? As artificial intelligence (AI) systems grow increasingly sophisticated—processing language, playing music, and simulating empathy—many observers are asking a profound question: Could AI be conscious? And if so, does it possess a soul? This inquiry sits at the crossroads of science, philosophy,…
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11: Tim Keller – Cultural Apologetics, Urban Ministry, and Gospel-Centred Justice
1. Introduction Timothy J. Keller (1950–2023) was one of the most influential evangelical thinkers, pastors, and writers of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Known for his intellectual depth, pastoral gentleness, and cultural sensitivity, Keller pioneered a model of urban ministry that engaged sceptics and professionals in postmodern contexts.…