Theology
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Summa Theologica
Summa Theologica – Thomas Aquinas 1. Full Citation Aquinas, T. (1265–1274) Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (1920). New York: Benziger Bros. [Reprinted variously in modern editions]. 2. Introduction Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica is a monumental work of medieval theology and arguably the most comprehensive and…
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Concise Theology
Concise Theology – J.I. Packer 1. Full Citation Packer, J.I. (1993) Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. 2. Introduction J.I. Packer’s Concise Theology is a compact yet theologically rich resource aimed at equipping believers with an accessible overview of core Christian doctrines. Without…
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Everyone’s a Theologian
Everyone’s a Theologian – R.C. Sproul 1. Full Citation Sproul, R.C. (2014) Everyone’s a Theologian: An Introduction to Systematic Theology. Lake Mary, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing. 2. Introduction In Everyone’s a Theologian, R.C. Sproul provides a clear, concise, and accessible introduction to systematic theology from a Reformed perspective. Designed for…
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The Problem of Pain
The Problem of Pain – C.S. Lewis 1. Full Citation Lewis, C.S. (1940) The Problem of Pain. London: Geoffrey Bles. 2. Introduction In The Problem of Pain, C.S. Lewis tackles one of the most persistent challenges to Christian belief: why a good and omnipotent God permits suffering. Written during the…
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Creation to Nations (Contents)
Chapter 1 – Wisdom and the Eternal Logos Chapter 2 – The Creation of the Spiritual Realm Chapter 3 – Pre-Material Creation Phase Chapter 4 – The Fall of Lucifer and One-Third of the Angels Chapter 5 – The Gap Theory (Disputed Stage) Chapter 6 – The 6-Day Re-Creation (Genesis…
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Chapter 1 – Wisdom and the Eternal Logos
Christ as the Timeless Agent of Creation Biblical Foundations: Wisdom and the Word Before Time The concept of pre-creation activity is richly presented in Scripture through the figures of divine Wisdom and the eternal Logos (Word). In Proverbs 8:22–31, Wisdom is personified as present with God before the foundation of…
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Chapter 2 – The Creation of the Spiritual Realm
Angelic Beings, Divine Hierarchies, and the Invisible Order Biblical Basis: The Precedence of the Spiritual over the Physical The Bible affirms that the spiritual realm, including angelic beings and heavenly hierarchies, was created before the physical universe. In Job 38:7, God recounts the creation of the earth, stating that “the…
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Chapter 3 – Pre-Material Creation Phase
Heaven as the First “Place” Created Biblical Basis: The Creation of the Invisible and Visible Realms The biblical account of creation begins with the profound declaration: “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1). The Hebrew word for “heavens,” shamayim (שָּׁמַיִם), appears in the plural form…
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Chapter 4 – The Fall of Lucifer and One-Third of the Angels
Rebellion in the Spiritual Realm and the Origins of Cosmic Conflict Biblical Basis: Scriptural Portraits of a Celestial Rebellion The fall of Lucifer (commonly identified with Satan) represents one of the most significant events in the pre-material chronology of Scripture. Though the relevant texts are couched in prophetic and poetic…
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Chapter 5 – The Gap Theory (Disputed Stage)
Possible Ruined Creation or Pre-Adamic Earth Biblical Basis: A Chaotic Earth and Echoes of Judgement Genesis 1:2 states, “Now the earth was formless and void” (Hebrew: tohu wa-bohu, תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ), with darkness covering the surface of the deep and the Spirit of God hovering over the waters. This evocative phrase…
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Chapter 6 – The 6-Day Re-Creation (Genesis 1 Account)
Day 1–6 Creation Events and the Formation of the Material Universe Biblical Basis: A Structured Sequence of Divine Creation Genesis 1:3–31 presents a majestic account of six successive days of divine creative activity, culminating in the formation of the material universe. Each day concludes with the recurring refrain, “and there…
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Chapter 7 – Creation of Humanity (Adam and Eve)
Theological Foundations of Human Identity and Sacred Vocation Biblical Basis: Humanity as the Crown of Creation The creation of humanity represents the climactic moment in the biblical account of origins. Genesis 1:26–27 declares that human beings are made in the “image and likeness of God” (Imago Dei), setting them apart…
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Chapter 8 – Early Humanity and Supernatural Involvement
The Temptation by the Serpent and the Fall of Man Biblical Basis: The Entrance of Evil into the Human Story Genesis 3 records a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative—the entrance of evil into the human experience. The serpent, described as “more cunning than any beast of the field” (Genesis…
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Chapter 9 – The Spread of Sin and Death
Cain, Lamech, and Generational Decline Biblical Basis: From Eden to Violence Genesis chapters 4 and 5 document the immediate and generational consequences of sin following the Fall. The narrative begins with Cain, the firstborn of Adam and Eve, who murders his brother Abel out of jealousy—committing the first recorded act…
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Chapter 10 – The Sons of God, Nephilim, and the Watchers
Genesis 6:1–4: Sons of God, Nephilim, and Hybrid Offspring Biblical Basis Genesis 6:1–4 describes a mysterious episode in which the “sons of God” (bene ha’elohim) took human women as wives, resulting in the birth of the Nephilim—described as “mighty men of old, men of renown.” The term bene ha’elohim is…
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Chapter 11 – God’s Covenants & The Redemptive Narrative
From Post-Flood Humanity to Divine Election Biblical Basis Throughout Scripture, God unfolds His redemptive plan through a series of covenants, each marking a critical stage in His interaction with humanity. The Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:8–17) establishes divine commitment to the stability of creation. The Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis 12:1–3; 15; 17)…
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Chapter 12 – Christ, the Cross, and Cosmic Redemption
The Incarnation as the Centre of Time and Creation Biblical Basis: Christ the Creator and Sustainer of All Things The Incarnation—“The Word became flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1:14)—marks the central event in the Christian understanding of history and cosmology. It is not merely a divine intervention within time,…
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Chapter 13 – Cosmology, Multiverse, and Time Theology
The Multiverse, Parallel Dimensions, and God’s Infinite Creativity Scientific Background: Modern Theories of Multiple Realities In recent decades, contemporary physics has proposed a range of models that point to the possible existence of multiple or parallel universes. These hypotheses, while speculative, are grounded in attempts to unify the fundamental forces…
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Chapter 14 – Quantum Theology and Observer Reality
Scientific Background: The Observer Effect and the Nature of Reality Quantum physics has revolutionised our understanding of the physical world by introducing phenomena that challenge the assumptions of classical mechanics. Among its most striking features is the observer effect—the principle that the act of measurement or observation can influence the…
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PART XII: Theological and Prophetic Framework
Prophecies of Exile and Return Introduction: Covenant, Exile, and RestorationThe themes of exile and return form a foundational theological framework within the Hebrew Bible and Jewish history. Rooted in the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, the exile is portrayed not merely as a political or military consequence but as…
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The Role of Israel in Christian Theology
Introduction: Continuity, Fulfilment, and MysteryThe question of Israel’s role in Christian theology has remained a central and often debated theme throughout church history. Rooted in the biblical covenants, the identity and destiny of Israel engage key theological concerns such as God’s faithfulness, election, and salvation history. In the New Testament—particularly…