Book 1: Introduction and Refutation of Pagan Blame for Rome’s Fall
Augustine responds to accusations that Christianity caused Rome’s sack. He argues instead that Rome’s moral decay and pagan corruption precipitated its fall. Pagan gods failed to provide justice, salvation, or moral order. The author critiques pagan religions as powerless and deceptive. This defense sets the context for contrasting two cities. The stage is set for a theological understanding of history. The chapter establishes Christianity’s innocence and moral superiority.
Book 2: The Origin and Nature of the Two Cities
Two cities are introduced: the City of Man and the City of God. The City of Man is founded on self-love, pride, and earthly desires. The City of God is founded on the love of God and spiritual truth. These two societies coexist throughout human history. They represent opposing values and ultimate destinies. Augustine explains their distinct natures and trajectories. This dichotomy frames the entire narrative of the book.
Books 3–5: The History and Vices of the Earthly City
Augustine surveys the history and moral character of the City of Man. He critiques pagan philosophy and the emptiness of earthly glory. The virtues of the earthly city are limited and transient. Pagan wisdom is exposed as ultimately futile. The books emphasize life’s ultimate emptiness without God. Human achievements are shown as insufficient for true peace. These reflections highlight the necessity of divine grace.
Books 6–10: The Nature and Destiny of the City of God
The City of God is portrayed as eternal and spiritual. It comprises those who live according to God’s will. Augustine contrasts its peace and justice with the temporal flaws of the earthly city. The books discuss divine providence and grace active in the city. Eternal life is promised to its citizens. The nature of heavenly citizenship is defined. These chapters affirm hope beyond earthly existence.
Books 11–20: Divine Providence and the Course of History
God’s sovereign governance of history is the focus. Despite apparent chaos, evil, and suffering, God’s plan prevails. Augustine interprets biblical history as redemptive and purposeful. Human events unfold under divine providence. Believers are reassured of God’s control and ultimate justice. History is seen as a theater of God’s saving work. This section deepens the theological understanding of time and destiny.
Books 21–22: The Final Destiny and Eternal City
The City of God’s fulfillment is depicted in the new heavens and new earth. The earthly city faces destruction and judgment. Eternal peace, resurrection, and joy characterize the heavenly city. The saints enjoy perfect communion with God. This final vision contrasts temporal suffering with eternal glory. The book concludes with hope for ultimate restoration. The eternal city is the final home of the faithful.