4. Circumcision, Law, and Gospel: The Theological Core of the Paul-Peter Dispute

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1. Introduction

The conflict between Paul and Peter at Antioch centres on profound theological issues regarding the Mosaic Law, particularly circumcision, and the nature of the gospel. This article examines these theological tensions, elucidating how they underpin their dispute and illuminate early Christian doctrine.

2. Circumcision as a Sign of the Covenant

  • In Jewish tradition, circumcision symbolised inclusion in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:9-14) and obedience to God’s law.
  • For Jewish Christians, maintaining circumcision was integral to religious identity and covenant faithfulness.
  • Gentile converts’ circumcision became a contentious issue, as it signified adherence to the Mosaic covenant.

3. Paul’s Theological Position on the Law and Circumcision

  • Paul emphatically teaches that justification—being declared righteous before God—is through faith in Christ alone, not by works of the Law (Romans 3:28; Galatians 2:16).
  • Circumcision or any legal observance cannot earn salvation or alter one’s standing with God.
  • Paul views the Law as a “guardian” leading to Christ but not the means of righteousness (Galatians 3:24-25).
  • He insists Gentile believers are heirs of the promise by faith, without the necessity of circumcision (Galatians 5:6).

4. Peter’s Initial Position and the Pressure of Jewish Tradition

  • Peter, as a Jewish leader, initially upheld certain Jewish customs, especially in the presence of Jewish Christians (“those from James”), reflecting a cautious approach to Gentile inclusion.
  • His withdrawal from table fellowship with Gentiles (Galatians 2:12) suggests he struggled with fully embracing Gentile freedom from the Law.

5. The Gospel as Freedom from the Law

  • The gospel proclaimed by Paul asserts liberty from the Law’s bondage (Galatians 5:1), establishing a new covenant grounded in faith in Christ, the Messiah.
  • This gospel emphasises the universality of salvation and inclusion, transcending ethnic and ritual boundaries.

6. Theological Implications of the Dispute

  • The dispute highlights the early church’s challenge of integrating Jewish tradition with the emerging Gentile mission.
  • It underscores the primacy of the gospel message—justification by faith—as the defining criterion for inclusion in God’s people.
  • The conflict catalysed the church’s theological development towards a more inclusive understanding of salvation.

7. Conclusion

The theological conflict between Paul and Peter over circumcision and the Law reveals a critical moment in early Christian self-understanding. Paul’s defence of justification by faith without the Law shaped the church’s identity and mission, affirming the gospel of freedom in Christ.

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