Economy - Lexnary

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

Global Crisis Cycles (Content)

PART 1 — The Great Depression (1929–1939) PART 2 — Post-War Rebuilding and the Boom (1945–1970) PART 3 — The…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 1 — The Great Depression (1929–1939)

When the Global Economy Collapsed and Modern Financial History Began 1. A Decade of Illusion Before the Fall The 1920s…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 2 — Post-War Rebuilding and the Boom (1945–1970)

From Global Ruins to the Greatest Economic Expansion in History 1. The World in 1945: Devastated, Exhausted, and Disconnected When…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 3 — The 1970s Inflation Shock

When Prices Exploded, Growth Stopped, and Economists Had No Answers 1. The World Leaves the Post-War Boom — and Hits…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 4 — The 1980s Interest Rate Revolution

How Extreme Pain Restored Stability and Rebuilt the Global Economy 1. The 1970s Left the World in Crisis By 1979,…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 5 — The Dot-Com Bubble (1995–2000)

When the Internet’s Hype Outran Reality — and Changed the Future Anyway 1. The Birth of a New Technology Sparks…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 6 — The 2008 Global Financial Crisis

When the World’s Financial System Collapsed From Inside 1. The Calm Before the Storm: A Housing Market That Looked Unstoppable…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 7 — The 2020 Pandemic Shock

When the World Pressed Pause, and the Economy Broke Overnight 1. A Crisis That Arrived Without Warning Most economic crises…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 8 — The 2023–2025 Inflation Crisis

A Global Cost-of-Living Shock — Without a Financial Collapse 1. A Crisis Born From the Pandemic, Not From the Economy…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 9 — Comparing All Crises: Patterns That Repeat

The Hidden Cycle Behind 1929, 1970s, 2000, 2008, 2020, and 2023–2025 1. Every Crisis Has a Trigger — But Triggers…

Global Crisis Cycles Global Crisis Cycles

PART 10 — The Coming 2030s AI–Economic Crisis

The Next Global Shock Will Not Come From Banks or Oil — But From Intelligence Itself 1. Every Era Has…

The Evolution of Money

The Evolution of Money (Contents)

Part A — Foundations of Money and Early Exchange 1 — The Concept and Functions of Money 2 — Barter…

The Evolution of Money

1 — The Concept and Functions of Money

Part A — Foundations of Money and Early Exchange Money is one of the most significant inventions in human history,…

The Evolution of Money

2 — Barter Systems in Prehistoric Societies (c. 9000 BCE – 3000 BCE)

Part A — Foundations of Money and Early Exchange Before the development of formal money, human societies relied on barter…

The Evolution of Money

3 — Commodity Money in Ancient Civilisations (c. 3000 BCE – 600 BCE)

Part B — Commodity Money and Early Coinage With the expansion of trade and complexity in early societies, commodity money…

The Evolution of Money

4 — The Advent of Coined Money (c. 600 BCE – 500 CE)

Part B — Commodity Money and Early Coinage The introduction of coinage marked a fundamental shift in monetary systems, combining…

The Evolution of Money

5 — Paper Money and Credit in Early Trade (7th – 15th Century)

Part C — Paper Money and the Rise of Banking The emergence of paper money and early credit systems represents…

The Evolution of Money

6 — The Development of Modern Banking (15th – 18th Century)

Part C — Paper Money and the Rise of Banking The period from the 15th to 18th centuries witnessed the…

The Evolution of Money

7 — The Gold Standard and Global Trade (19th Century)

Part D — Gold Standard and Fiat Money The 19th century was characterised by the adoption of the gold standard,…

The Evolution of Money

8 — Fiat Money and Modern Monetary Systems (20th Century)

Part D — Gold Standard and Fiat Money The 20th century marked the transition from gold-backed currency to fiat money,…

The Evolution of Money

9 — Digital Payments and Financial Globalisation (Late 20th – Early 21st Century)

Part E — Digital and Decentralised Finance The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed a technological transformation in money…

The Evolution of Money

10 — Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance (2009 – Present)

Part E — Digital and Decentralised Finance The advent of cryptocurrencies and decentralised finance (DeFi) represents one of the most…

The Evolution of Money

11 — AI-Driven Financial Systems (2010s – Future)

Part F — AI and the Future of Money The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into financial systems represents the…

The Evolution of Money

12 — The Evolution of Money: Lessons and Future Trajectories

Part G — Conclusion The historical journey of money—from prehistoric barter systems to AI-driven financial ecosystems—reflects humanity’s continuous quest for…