Conflict
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1.11 Stories of God Working Through Conflict
🔹 Story 1: Joseph’s Family Conflict Led to National Salvation Main Characters: Joseph, his brothers, PharaohStory Summary: Joseph’s brothers sold him out of jealousy, creating deep family conflict. But through the betrayal, God positioned Joseph to save Egypt and Israel from famine.Key Verses: Genesis 37; 39–50Theme Connection: Family strife became…
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British Mandate and Conflicts
Introduction: Imperial Oversight and National AspirationsFollowing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the League of Nations granted Britain administrative control over Palestine through the Mandate for Palestine (1920–1948). The British Mandate era became a crucible for Zionist ambitions and Arab nationalist resistance, as conflicting promises and…
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The Crimean War (1853–1856)
The Crimean War (1853–1856): A Precursor to Modern Russian Expansionism Abstract The Crimean War (1853–1856) was one of the most consequential conflicts of the nineteenth century, marking a pivotal shift in the balance of European power. Though framed in part as a religious dispute over the protection of Christian minorities…
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The Israel–Palestine Conflict
The Israel–Palestine Conflict: Historical Roots, Contemporary Challenges, and Prospects for Peace Introduction The Israel–Palestine conflict stands as one of the most enduring and emotionally charged disputes in modern history. It is a complex struggle defined by competing territorial claims, national identities, religious significance, and strategic interests. Despite numerous international interventions,…
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The Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh
The Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh: Historical Dispute, Regional Tensions, and Prospects for Peace Introduction The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh is one of the most protracted and volatile disputes in the South Caucasus. Rooted in competing national claims, ethnic identity, and post-Soviet instability, the conflict has resulted in…
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The Russia–Ukraine Conflict
The Russia–Ukraine Conflict: Historical Legacy, Geopolitical Stakes, and Prospects for Resolution Introduction The Russia–Ukraine conflict, reignited by Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022, is the most significant military confrontation in Europe since the Second World War. It has reshaped regional security dynamics, redefined NATO’s role, and intensified global polarisation. Rooted…
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Historical Conflicts Comparable to the Russia–Ukraine War
Historical Conflicts Comparable to the Russia–Ukraine War: Strategic Lessons from Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Crimea Introduction The Russia–Ukraine war has reshaped 21st-century geopolitics, exposing fragile borders, contesting international norms, and sparking global debate over sovereignty, intervention, and military alliances. Yet, while its context is contemporary, the themes underpinning the conflict are…
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The Kosovo Conflict (1998–1999)
The Kosovo Conflict (1998–1999): Ethnic Tensions and International Military Intervention Introduction The Kosovo War of 1998–1999 was a violent culmination of ethnic, political, and territorial disputes in the Balkans following the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Centred on tensions between Kosovo’s majority Albanian population and Serbian authorities, the conflict drew international attention…
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Historical Parallels to the Russia–Ukraine War
Historical Parallels to the Russia–Ukraine War: Strategic Motives, Global Reactions, and Lessons from the Past AbstractThe Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 rekindled global anxieties about territorial aggression, power politics, and regional destabilisation in the 21st century. While unprecedented in scale in post–Cold War Europe, this conflict shares striking similarities…
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Algeria’s Independence from France
Algeria’s Independence from France: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The independence of Algeria in 1962 marked the end of one of the longest and most violent struggles in modern decolonisation history. After 132 years of French colonial rule, Algeria emerged as a sovereign nation following a brutal war (1954–1962)…
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The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of one of the most powerful empires of the 20th century. Once a Cold War superpower, the USSR disintegrated under the pressure of economic stagnation, political reform,…
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The Czech-Slovak Split
The Czech-Slovak Split: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The peaceful separation of Czechoslovakia in 1993, often called the Velvet Divorce, remains one of the most diplomatically elegant state dissolutions in modern history. Unlike other cases marked by violence or referenda, the Czech Republic and Slovakia emerged through mutual agreement.…
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Sovereign Separations in Comparative Perspective
Sovereign Separations in Comparative Perspective: Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions Abstract Sovereignty separations have played a significant role in reshaping global political orders in the post-colonial and post-Cold War eras. From unilateral declarations of independence to negotiated exits, such processes have involved a variety of legal, political, and economic frameworks.…
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South Sudan’s Independence
South Sudan’s Independence: Historical Conflict, Referendum Process, and Nation-Building Challenges Introduction The independence of South Sudan in 2011 marked the birth of the world’s newest internationally recognised nation. Following decades of civil conflict, displacement, and political marginalisation under successive Khartoum governments, the people of Southern Sudan overwhelmingly voted for secession…
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Taiwan’s Sovereignty Dispute
Taiwan’s Sovereignty Dispute: Historical Claims, Political Tensions, and Global Implications Introduction The sovereignty of Taiwan remains one of the most sensitive and enduring geopolitical issues in East Asia. Although Taiwan functions as a self-governing liberal democracy with its own political institutions, military, and economy, the People’s Republic of China (PRC)…
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Crimea’s Annexation by Russia
Crimea’s Annexation by Russia: Historical Claims, Political Crisis, and Global Ramifications Introduction The 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation stands as one of the most consequential geopolitical developments of the 21st century. Arising from the aftermath of Ukraine’s 2013–2014 political crisis, Russia seized control of Crimea, citing historical…
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Singapore’s Separation from Malaysia
Singapore’s Separation from Malaysia: Historical Context, Political Divide, and Economic Transformation Introduction Singapore’s separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 was a watershed moment in Southeast Asian history. Initially joining the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, Singapore’s short-lived union with Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak was marred by political, ethnic, and…
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East Germany’s Integration into West Germany
East Germany’s Integration into West Germany: Historical Context, Political Transition, and Socioeconomic Impact Introduction The reintegration of East Germany (German Democratic Republic – GDR) into West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany – FRG) following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 remains one of the most transformative events in…
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Macau’s Reintegration with China
Macau’s Reintegration with China: A Peaceful Transition under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Introduction The reintegration of Macau into the People’s Republic of China in 1999 marked a significant moment in post-colonial East Asian geopolitics. Formerly a Portuguese colony for over four centuries, Macau returned to Chinese sovereignty under the “one…
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Contested Sovereignty and Asymmetric Autonomy
Contested Sovereignty and Asymmetric Autonomy: A Comparative Study of Subnational Movements and State Responses Abstract This article explores the complex dynamics of contested sovereignty and subnational autonomy through a comparative analysis of seven cases: Québec (Canada), Catalonia (Spain), Kosovo (Serbia), Hong Kong (China), Greenland (Denmark), Taiwan (China), and Hong Kong…
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Greenland’s Autonomy and Path to Independence
Greenland’s Autonomy and Path to Independence: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, is steadily progressing toward full independence through peaceful political and legal means. As the world’s largest island, Greenland’s growing strategic significance—combined with climate change, Arctic geopolitics, and resource potential—has reignited…
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Hong Kong’s Autonomy and Beijing’s Control
Hong Kong’s Autonomy and Beijing’s Control: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Hong Kong’s evolving political status represents a critical case in the global discourse on autonomy, sovereignty, and authoritarian consolidation. Once a symbol of liberal economic governance under Chinese sovereignty, Hong Kong’s semi-autonomous status has come under increasing strain due…
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Kosovo’s Independence and the Serbia Dispute
Kosovo’s Independence and the Serbia Dispute: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 remains one of the most contested statehood claims in modern Europe. While over 100 countries, including the United States and most EU member states, recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state, others—most…
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Catalonia’s Sovereignty Movement
Catalonia’s Sovereignty Movement: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Catalonia’s push for independence has emerged as one of Europe’s most significant challenges to state sovereignty within a democratic framework. Rooted in cultural identity and political autonomy, the Catalan movement has tested the limits of Spain’s constitutional order and raised broader questions…
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Québec’s Sovereignty Debate
Québec’s Sovereignty Debate: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction The question of Québec’s independence remains a cornerstone of Canadian politics, shaping constitutional debates, economic strategies, and cultural identity. While Québec operates within a stable democratic framework—unlike Taiwan, which faces external military threats—the movement for sovereignty continues to influence governance, policy, and…
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Strategic and Economic Implications of the China–Taiwan Conflict
Cross-Strait Tensions and Global Power Shifts: Strategic and Economic Implications of the China–Taiwan Conflict Introduction The China–Taiwan conflict represents one of the most volatile and strategically significant geopolitical flashpoints in the 21st century. With roots in civil war and ideological bifurcation, the enduring tensions between Beijing and Taipei influence international…
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The China–Hong Kong Conflict
The China–Hong Kong Conflict: Historical Roots, Causes, and Global Implications Introduction The evolving conflict between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) represents a significant case study in the intersection of post-colonial governance, civil liberties, and geopolitical power dynamics. Following its return to…
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The India–Pakistan Conflict
The India–Pakistan Conflict: Historical Roots, Geopolitical Dynamics, and Prospects for Resolution Introduction The India–Pakistan conflict stands as one of the most intractable and volatile geopolitical disputes in the post-colonial era. Rooted in the turbulent partition of British India in 1947, the conflict has evolved into a multifaceted struggle encompassing territorial…
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The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Origins, Progression, and Global Consequences
Part 1: Historical Background and Origins of the War Imperial Legacies and Soviet Control The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has deep historical roots, influenced by centuries of overlapping sovereignties, imperial dominance, and shifting alliances. Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire from the late 18th century following the partitions…
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The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Origins, Progression, and Global Consequences (Brief)
Abstract:This article provides a balanced and structured analysis of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, exploring its historical origins, military progression, international responses, and humanitarian consequences. It traces the deep-rooted tensions from the imperial and Soviet periods, examines the war’s evolution since 2022, and evaluates the conflict’s global economic, geopolitical, and human impacts.…