Germany
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Part 7 – How Other Nations Handle “Near-Shutdowns” and Budget Deadlocks (Comparative Case Studies)
Big picture: outside the U.S., core public services keep running during budget crises. Countries build in caretaker rules, automatic or provisional funding, and constitutional backstops so there is political change (elections, new coalitions) rather than administrative stoppage. 7.1 United Kingdom — “Supply” as confidence + cashflow backstops So what? Even…
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Part 14 – Comparative Case Studies of Budget Crises (How Services Keep Running Outside the U.S.)
Core finding: other systems turn a budget impasse into a political event (caretaker government, election, coalition deal) while services continue via legal backstops (contingency funds, interim budgets, “provisional twelfths,” etc.). 14.1 United Kingdom — Supply as Confidence + the Contingencies Fund Take-away: UK continuity is financial (Treasury advances) and constitutional…
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Germany in Biblical Context
1. Introduction Though Germany is not directly named in the Bible, it holds immense theological, historical, and missional significance in the broader arc of Christian history. As the cradle of the Protestant Reformation, a stronghold of missionary movements, and a cultural centre that shaped biblical translation, theology, and critical scholarship,…
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PART X: Zionism and Return to the Land (1800s–1948)
Modern Zionism and Political Mobilisation Introduction: Emergence of Nationalist AspirationsIn the context of 19th-century European nationalism, colonial realignment, and rising antisemitism, a new Jewish political and ideological movement—Zionism—emerged, calling for the return of the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland in Eretz Yisrael (the Land of Israel). While rooted in…
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The Holocaust (Shoah)
Introduction: Genocide in the Modern EraThe Holocaust, or in Hebrew, the Shoah (“catastrophe”), represents the most systematic and devastating genocide in Jewish history. Perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945, the Holocaust resulted in the murder of six million Jews, including 1.5 million children—approximately two-thirds of…
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East Germany’s Integration into West Germany
East Germany’s Integration into West Germany: Historical Context, Political Transition, and Socioeconomic Impact Introduction The reintegration of East Germany (German Democratic Republic – GDR) into West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany – FRG) following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 remains one of the most transformative events in…