1. Theological Category and Placement
Category: Philosophical Theology
Existential Theology is situated within Philosophical Theology as it engages existential philosophy—drawing from thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and Paul Tillich—to explore themes of human existence, faith, anxiety, and authenticity. It focuses on the subjective experience of faith and the personal encounter with God, addressing the conditions of human existence in light of divine revelation (Kierkegaard, 1843; Tillich, 1951).
2. Introduction
Existential Theology emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries as a theological movement emphasizing the lived experience of faith amid the complexities of human existence. It challenges abstract doctrinal formulations by focusing on personal commitment, despair, hope, and the existential struggle inherent in the human condition. This tradition seeks to bridge philosophy and theology through a focus on meaning, choice, and individual authenticity (Tillich, 1951).
3. Historical Development
Beginning with Kierkegaard’s critique of Christendom and emphasis on individual faith, Existential Theology developed through the work of theologians such as Paul Tillich, Rudolf Bultmann, and Karl Jaspers. It responded to the crisis of modernity, secularism, and alienation, reasserting the centrality of personal encounter with God and the existential dimensions of faith (Tillich, 1951).
4. Core Doctrines and Theological Emphases
- Subjectivity of Faith: Emphasizes personal decision and commitment.
- Anxiety and Despair: Faith arises amid human existential crises.
- Authenticity: Living genuinely in relation to God.
- God as “Ground of Being”: Tillich’s concept of God as the ultimate reality beyond traditional theism.
- Demythologisation: Bultmann’s call to reinterpret Scripture existentially.
5. Scriptural and Theological Foundations
Existential Theology draws on biblical narratives and themes interpreted through an existential lens, such as the stories of Job, Abraham’s call, and Jesus’ passion. It views Scripture as addressing the existential realities of human life and God’s revelation as inviting authentic response (Kierkegaard, 1843).
6. Influence and Impact
Existential Theology significantly influenced 20th-century theology, philosophy, and pastoral care. It shaped movements such as liberal theology and influenced discussions on faith and doubt, freedom, and human meaning. Critics sometimes argue it neglects communal and doctrinal dimensions, but its emphasis on authenticity and existential encounter remains influential (Tillich, 1951).
7. Representative Theologians and Key Works
- Søren Kierkegaard – Fear and Trembling (1843)
- Paul Tillich – Systematic Theology (1951)
- Rudolf Bultmann – Advocate of demythologisation
- Karl Jaspers – Philosopher influencing existential theology
8. Conclusion
Existential Theology offers a profound exploration of faith as a personal, existential encounter with God amid human finitude and anxiety. Its integration of philosophy and theology provides valuable insights into the lived experience of belief and the search for authentic existence.
9. References
- Kierkegaard, S. (1843). Fear and Trembling.
- Tillich, P. (1951). Systematic Theology. University of Chicago Press.
- Bultmann, R. (1951). Kerygma and Myth. Harper & Row.
- Jaspers, K. (1932). Philosophy of Existence. University of Pennsylvania Press.