Article 7: Paul and Peter: Conflict over Gentile Inclusion in the Early Church

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1. Introduction

The dispute between Paul and Peter regarding Gentile inclusion, notably recorded in Galatians 2:11–21, represents a seminal conflict in the early Christian movement. This article explores the exegetical details, theological issues, and ecclesiological consequences of this confrontation.

2. Literary and Historical Context

Paul’s letter to the Galatians addresses challenges posed by Judaizing teachers insisting on Gentile observance of the Mosaic Law. The Antioch incident epitomises this tension, where Peter withdrew from fellowship with Gentiles under pressure, prompting Paul’s public rebuke (Galatians 2:11-14).

3. Exegesis of Key Passages

Galatians 2:11–14:
Paul confronts Peter (Cephas) “to his face” for hypocrisy—eating with Gentiles then withdrawing.

  • The passage underscores the tension between Jewish Christian adherence to the Law and Paul’s gospel of justification by faith.
  • Peter’s actions threatened the gospel’s universality and undermined Gentile freedom.

Galatians 2:15–21:
Paul articulates justification by faith, not works of the Law, affirming salvation as God’s gracious gift through Christ’s redemptive work.

  • Paul’s theology rejects legalism and emphasises the new identity of believers in Christ.

4. Theological Reflection

  • Justification by Faith: Central to Pauline theology, this doctrine defines the basis of salvation beyond ethnic or ritual observance (Romans 3:28).
  • Church Unity and Diversity: The conflict highlights early church struggles to balance Jewish tradition with Gentile inclusion.
  • Gospel Freedom: Paul’s insistence on freedom from the Law safeguards the gospel’s integrity and universality.

5. Ecclesiological Implications

  • The confrontation reflects ongoing negotiations of identity and practice within the early church.
  • It sets a precedent for addressing doctrinal disputes through direct engagement and scriptural appeal.

6. Conclusion

The Paul-Peter conflict over Gentile inclusion is pivotal for understanding the early church’s development and the theological foundations of Christian identity. It underscores the gospel’s transformative power to transcend cultural and religious boundaries.

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