History
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Political and Global Turmoil (End Time)
Biblical Basis: A. Wars and Rumours of Wars Fulfilment Evidence: Academic References: B. Rise of Global Powers and Alliances Fulfilment Evidence: Academic References: C. Persecution of Believers Fulfilment Evidence: Academic References: D. Emergence of the Antichrist-like Systems Interpretative Note:While no single world leader has matched the full biblical description of the “Antichrist” (2 Thess. 2;…
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Greenland’s Exit from the EEC
Greenland’s Exit from the EEC: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction In 1985, Greenland became the first region to withdraw from the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union. Unlike more recent cases such as Brexit, Greenland’s departure was quiet but significant, driven primarily by concerns over fishing rights, national autonomy, and…
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Algeria’s Independence from France
Algeria’s Independence from France: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The independence of Algeria in 1962 marked the end of one of the longest and most violent struggles in modern decolonisation history. After 132 years of French colonial rule, Algeria emerged as a sovereign nation following a brutal war (1954–1962) that reshaped North African politics,…
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The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of one of the most powerful empires of the 20th century. Once a Cold War superpower, the USSR disintegrated under the pressure of economic stagnation, political reform, and rising nationalist movements. Its…
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The Czech-Slovak Split
The Czech-Slovak Split: Causes, Consequences, and Global Implications Introduction The peaceful separation of Czechoslovakia in 1993, often called the Velvet Divorce, remains one of the most diplomatically elegant state dissolutions in modern history. Unlike other cases marked by violence or referenda, the Czech Republic and Slovakia emerged through mutual agreement. This article explores the historical…
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Sovereign Separations in Comparative Perspective
Sovereign Separations in Comparative Perspective: Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions Abstract Sovereignty separations have played a significant role in reshaping global political orders in the post-colonial and post-Cold War eras. From unilateral declarations of independence to negotiated exits, such processes have involved a variety of legal, political, and economic frameworks. This article presents a comparative…
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South Sudan’s Independence
South Sudan’s Independence: Historical Conflict, Referendum Process, and Nation-Building Challenges Introduction The independence of South Sudan in 2011 marked the birth of the world’s newest internationally recognised nation. Following decades of civil conflict, displacement, and political marginalisation under successive Khartoum governments, the people of Southern Sudan overwhelmingly voted for secession in a referendum that recorded…
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Taiwan’s Sovereignty Dispute
Taiwan’s Sovereignty Dispute: Historical Claims, Political Tensions, and Global Implications Introduction The sovereignty of Taiwan remains one of the most sensitive and enduring geopolitical issues in East Asia. Although Taiwan functions as a self-governing liberal democracy with its own political institutions, military, and economy, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) regards the island as an…
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Crimea’s Annexation by Russia
Crimea’s Annexation by Russia: Historical Claims, Political Crisis, and Global Ramifications Introduction The 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation stands as one of the most consequential geopolitical developments of the 21st century. Arising from the aftermath of Ukraine’s 2013–2014 political crisis, Russia seized control of Crimea, citing historical entitlements and strategic imperatives. Moscow…
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Singapore’s Separation from Malaysia
Singapore’s Separation from Malaysia: Historical Context, Political Divide, and Economic Transformation Introduction Singapore’s separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 was a watershed moment in Southeast Asian history. Initially joining the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, Singapore’s short-lived union with Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak was marred by political, ethnic, and economic tensions. What began as…
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East Germany’s Integration into West Germany
East Germany’s Integration into West Germany: Historical Context, Political Transition, and Socioeconomic Impact Introduction The reintegration of East Germany (German Democratic Republic – GDR) into West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany – FRG) following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 remains one of the most transformative events in late twentieth-century European history. After…
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Macau’s Reintegration with China
Macau’s Reintegration with China: A Peaceful Transition under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Introduction The reintegration of Macau into the People’s Republic of China in 1999 marked a significant moment in post-colonial East Asian geopolitics. Formerly a Portuguese colony for over four centuries, Macau returned to Chinese sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle—an arrangement…
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Contested Sovereignty and Asymmetric Autonomy
Contested Sovereignty and Asymmetric Autonomy: A Comparative Study of Subnational Movements and State Responses Abstract This article explores the complex dynamics of contested sovereignty and subnational autonomy through a comparative analysis of seven cases: Québec (Canada), Catalonia (Spain), Kosovo (Serbia), Hong Kong (China), Greenland (Denmark), Taiwan (China), and Hong Kong (China). These cases represent a…
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Greenland’s Autonomy and Path to Independence
Greenland’s Autonomy and Path to Independence: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, is steadily progressing toward full independence through peaceful political and legal means. As the world’s largest island, Greenland’s growing strategic significance—combined with climate change, Arctic geopolitics, and resource potential—has reignited debates over its future status.…
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Hong Kong’s Autonomy and Beijing’s Control
Hong Kong’s Autonomy and Beijing’s Control: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Hong Kong’s evolving political status represents a critical case in the global discourse on autonomy, sovereignty, and authoritarian consolidation. Once a symbol of liberal economic governance under Chinese sovereignty, Hong Kong’s semi-autonomous status has come under increasing strain due to Beijing’s assertive political reforms.…
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Kosovo’s Independence and the Serbia Dispute
Kosovo’s Independence and the Serbia Dispute: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 remains one of the most contested statehood claims in modern Europe. While over 100 countries, including the United States and most EU member states, recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state, others—most notably Serbia, Russia, and China—refuse…
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Catalonia’s Sovereignty Movement
Catalonia’s Sovereignty Movement: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction Catalonia’s push for independence has emerged as one of Europe’s most significant challenges to state sovereignty within a democratic framework. Rooted in cultural identity and political autonomy, the Catalan movement has tested the limits of Spain’s constitutional order and raised broader questions about self-determination in the European…
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Québec’s Sovereignty Debate
Québec’s Sovereignty Debate: Historical and Strategic Implications Introduction The question of Québec’s independence remains a cornerstone of Canadian politics, shaping constitutional debates, economic strategies, and cultural identity. While Québec operates within a stable democratic framework—unlike Taiwan, which faces external military threats—the movement for sovereignty continues to influence governance, policy, and national unity. This article examines…
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PART XI: Modern State of Israel (1948–Present)
Declaration of Independence (1948) Historical Background and the UN Partition PlanIn the wake of the Holocaust and the breakdown of the British Mandate, international pressure mounted to resolve the question of Jewish statehood in Palestine. On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 181, recommending the partition of Palestine into two independent…
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Major Wars and Peace Treaties
Introduction: Conflict and Diplomacy in a Volatile RegionSince its founding in 1948, the modern State of Israel has been shaped by a series of wars and peace efforts that have defined its borders, security doctrine, and regional relationships. Military confrontations with neighbouring Arab states, driven by unresolved questions of territory, refugees, and recognition, have been…
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Social and Political Dynamics in Modern Israel
Introduction: Complexity in a Diverse SocietyModern Israel is a vibrant yet deeply complex society marked by ethnic, religious, political, and ideological diversity. Since its establishment in 1948, the state has evolved from a largely homogeneous Zionist enterprise into a multicultural and multiethnic democracy with competing narratives, priorities, and identities. The fabric of Israeli society reflects…
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Technological and Economic Growth
Introduction: From Agrarian Roots to a Global Innovation LeaderIn less than a century, Israel has transformed from a modest, agrarian economy built by early Zionist pioneers into a global powerhouse of innovation and technology. Often referred to as the “Start-up Nation”, Israel has cultivated a highly dynamic economy characterised by technological entrepreneurship, a vibrant research…
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Strategic and Economic Implications of the China–Taiwan Conflict
Cross-Strait Tensions and Global Power Shifts: Strategic and Economic Implications of the China–Taiwan Conflict Introduction The China–Taiwan conflict represents one of the most volatile and strategically significant geopolitical flashpoints in the 21st century. With roots in civil war and ideological bifurcation, the enduring tensions between Beijing and Taipei influence international diplomacy, military alignments, and global…
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The China–Hong Kong Conflict
The China–Hong Kong Conflict: Historical Roots, Causes, and Global Implications Introduction The evolving conflict between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) represents a significant case study in the intersection of post-colonial governance, civil liberties, and geopolitical power dynamics. Following its return to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 under…
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Brexit and Its Aftermath
Brexit and Its Aftermath: Causes, Consequences, and Global Repercussions Introduction Brexit—the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union following the 2016 referendum—has had profound and enduring effects on the nation’s political identity, economic direction, migration policy, and global standing. While 52% of voters supported leaving the EU, the rationale for Brexit stemmed from a complex…
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The India–Pakistan Conflict
The India–Pakistan Conflict: Historical Roots, Geopolitical Dynamics, and Prospects for Resolution Introduction The India–Pakistan conflict stands as one of the most intractable and volatile geopolitical disputes in the post-colonial era. Rooted in the turbulent partition of British India in 1947, the conflict has evolved into a multifaceted struggle encompassing territorial claims, national identity, military posturing,…
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The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)
The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE): An Analysis of Governance, Economic Impact, and Prospective Trajectories Introduction The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) was inaugurated in January 2025 under the administration of President Donald Trump, with Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy appointed as principal figures in its leadership. Conceived as an initiative to streamline federal operations,…
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The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Origins, Progression, and Global Consequences
Part 1: Historical Background and Origins of the War Imperial Legacies and Soviet Control The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has deep historical roots, influenced by centuries of overlapping sovereignties, imperial dominance, and shifting alliances. Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire from the late 18th century following the partitions of Poland and the annexation…
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The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Origins, Progression, and Global Consequences (Brief)
Abstract:This article provides a balanced and structured analysis of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, exploring its historical origins, military progression, international responses, and humanitarian consequences. It traces the deep-rooted tensions from the imperial and Soviet periods, examines the war’s evolution since 2022, and evaluates the conflict’s global economic, geopolitical, and human impacts. The article concludes by reflecting…
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The Historical Development of Major British Cities
The Historical Development of Major British Cities from the Roman Era to Modern Times Introduction The historical development of British cities has been profoundly shaped by the legacy of the Roman Empire, particularly through military strategy, trade, governance, and infrastructure. Key Roman settlements such as York (Eboracum), London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium), Chester (Deva Victrix), and…
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The Chi-Rho Symbol (☧)
The Chi-Rho Symbol (☧): Origins, Theology, and Historical Legacy Introduction The Chi-Rho symbol (☧), one of the earliest and most enduring Christograms in Christian tradition, comprises the superimposed Greek letters Chi (Χ) and Rho (Ρ)—the first two letters of Χριστός (Christos), meaning “Christ” in Greek. This symbolic monogram has played a pivotal role in Christian…
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Constantine the Great (Roman Emperor)
Constantine the Great: His Rise, Reign, and Enduring Legacy Introduction Constantine I, more commonly referred to as Constantine the Great (c. AD 272–337), was a pivotal figure in late antiquity and one of the most influential emperors in Roman history. His reign, from AD 306 to 337, marked a decisive transformation in the Roman Empire’s…
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Tariff Policies under Donald Trump
Tariff Policies under Donald Trump: An Analysis of Economic Nationalism and Global Reactions Abstract This article critically examines the role and impact of tariff policies implemented by former U.S. President Donald J. Trump, with a focus on their economic, political, and international ramifications. Drawing upon evidence from public opinion, industry reactions, and global responses, the…