Technology
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Technological and Human Innovations from Lunar and Martian Exploration
Learning Through Failure Author: Lian Than TuangAffiliation: University of Gloucestershire, United KingdomKeywords: Space exploration, innovation, failure, spinoff technologies, resilience, lunar missions, Martian missions Abstract Space exploration has long symbolised humanity’s ambition to extend knowledge and capability beyond Earth. However, its progress has been characterised as much by failure as by…
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OpenAI vs Microsoft: Strategic Tensions and the Future of AI Collaboration
Abstract The partnership between Microsoft and OpenAI, once perceived as a model of synergy in the generative artificial intelligence (AI) domain, has entered a phase characterised by strategic discord. This article examines the origins and escalation of their dispute, focusing on intellectual property rights, cloud service exclusivity, and corporate autonomy.…
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The Strategic, Economic, and Ethical Dimensions of Open-Source AI in the Contemporary Landscape
Abstract Recent developments in the artificial intelligence (AI) sector, particularly the evolving dynamics between Microsoft and OpenAI, have cast a spotlight on broader industry trends—including the rise of open-source AI. This article examines the historical tensions behind the Microsoft–OpenAI partnership, the implications for the AI ecosystem, and the growing relevance…
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Large Reasoning Models and Corporate Resilience in Legal Compliance
AbstractLarge Reasoning Models (LRMs) represent a pivotal evolution in artificial intelligence (AI), advancing beyond traditional Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating structured reasoning capabilities. This paper examines the role of LRMs in enhancing corporate legal compliance and organisational resilience. It evaluates their application in risk management, regulatory adaptation, contract analysis,…
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Large Reasoning Models – LRM
Large Reasoning Models: Independence from LLMs and Key Developers in AI Research AbstractLarge Reasoning Models (LRMs) represent an emerging paradigm in artificial intelligence (AI), prioritising structured, logic-driven cognition over statistical text prediction. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated contemporary AI development, interest is growing in whether LRMs can function…
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Reasoning Capabilities, Data Sources, and Comparison with AI Models
Grok AI 3.5: Reasoning Capabilities, Data Sources, and Comparison with AI Models 1. What Makes Grok AI 3.5 Unique? Grok AI 3.5, developed by xAI (Elon Musk’s AI company), represents an advanced LLM-based system enhanced with reasoning-like behaviours. While it remains fundamentally a Large Language Model, it integrates mechanisms intended…
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Emergence of Reasoning-Enhanced Language Models
Grok AI 3.5 and the Emergence of Reasoning-Enhanced Language Models: A Critical Review AbstractGrok AI 3.5, developed by xAI, marks a significant evolution in artificial intelligence by integrating reasoning-inspired mechanisms within a Large Language Model (LLM) architecture. Unlike traditional LLMs which rely primarily on statistical pattern recognition, Grok AI incorporates…
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How Grok AI Generates Answers Without Internet Data
Reasoning Beyond Retrieval: How Grok AI Generates Answers Without Internet Data AbstractAs AI systems become increasingly integrated into decision-making processes, their ability to generate reliable, novel answers without constant reliance on external data becomes critical. Grok AI, developed by xAI, claims to offer such a capability by simulating first-principles reasoning…
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Artificial Intelligence, Contemporary News, and Trustworthiness: Challenges and Considerations
1. Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed multiple sectors, including information dissemination, research, and communication. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI’s GPT series, the potential for AI to summarise, analyse, and generate text-based content has grown exponentially. However, concerns persist regarding the currency of AI…
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Decentralized AI
Decentralized AI: A Comparative Analysis of Apple, Tesla, and Microsoft’s Approaches Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has historically relied on cloud-based computing for training and execution. However, recent trends indicate a shift towards decentralized AI, where processing occurs locally on devices or is distributed across a network of nodes. This paper…
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The Microsoft Ecosystem
The Microsoft Ecosystem: Productivity, Platform Power, and Enterprise Dominance 1. Introduction Microsoft Corporation, founded in 1975, remains one of the most influential and enduring players in the global technology landscape. While its early success was rooted in desktop operating systems and office software, Microsoft has evolved into a cloud-first, AI-driven,…
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Huawei’s Ecosystem and Strategic Autonomy
Huawei’s Ecosystem and Strategic Autonomy: Integration without the West 1. Introduction Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is one of the most influential yet geopolitically contentious technology firms in the world. Headquartered in Shenzhen, China, Huawei has rapidly evolved from a telecommunications hardware provider into a global tech conglomerate with ambitions in…
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Amazon’s Ecosystem and Digital Monopoly
Amazon’s Ecosystem and Digital Monopoly: Architecture, Expansion, and Antitrust Implications 1. Introduction Amazon, founded in 1994 as an online bookstore, has evolved into one of the world’s most powerful and diversified technology platforms. Through a combination of logistics mastery, cloud computing dominance, and vertical ecosystem control, Amazon has become a…
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Google’s Ecosystem and Alphabet’s Platform Power
Google’s Ecosystem and Alphabet’s Platform Power: Integration, Dominance, and Monopoly Concerns 1. Introduction Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., has built one of the most expansive and deeply integrated ecosystems in the global digital economy. Originally a search engine, Google has evolved into a multi-platform conglomerate spanning search, mobile operating…
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Apple’s Ecosystem
Apple’s Ecosystem: Structure, Integration, and the Question of Monopoly 1. Introduction Apple Inc. has cultivated one of the most tightly controlled and profitable digital ecosystems in modern technology. Through a vertically integrated model that connects hardware, software, services, and distribution channels, Apple has engineered a user environment that is both…
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Samsung’s Digital Ecosystem
Samsung’s Digital Ecosystem: Structure, Integration, and Strategic Design 1. Introduction The concept of a digital ecosystem has become central to the strategies of global technology companies. Ecosystems create customer lock-in, brand loyalty, and cross-device service continuity while enabling data unification and monetisation. Among the major players, Samsung Electronics presents a…
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An Analysis of Samsung’s Diversification from Major Platform Dependencies
Strategic Autonomy in the Tech Ecosystem: An Analysis of Samsung’s Diversification from Major Platform Dependencies 1. Introduction In the contemporary technology landscape, platform dependency poses both operational and strategic risks for global firms. Samsung Electronics, a leading conglomerate in consumer electronics, semiconductors, and software, exemplifies a diversified approach to mitigating…
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Sam Altman: Origins of Wealth and Relationship with OpenAI
1. Introduction Sam Altman, one of the most recognisable figures in the artificial intelligence (AI) sector, is known globally for his role as the CEO of OpenAI. Despite his position at the helm of one of the most influential AI companies in the world, Altman’s personal wealth is not directly…
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A Focus on Yahoo Blueprint
Yahoo’s Contemporary Landscape and AI-Driven Transformation: A Focus on Yahoo Blueprint AbstractYahoo, once a titan of the early internet, has undergone significant transformation since its acquisition by Apollo Global Management in 2021. This article examines Yahoo’s current operational and financial status, its strategic shift towards artificial intelligence (AI), and the…
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Microsoft Copilot Today and Tomorrow: How AI Is Reshaping the Developer Experience
Current Functions of Microsoft Copilot Microsoft Copilot is a generative AI-powered assistant integrated into software development environments, designed to support developers in code generation, debugging, and optimisation. Its core functions include: Future Development Trajectory Although Microsoft has not released exhaustive public details regarding future developments of Copilot, ongoing investments in…
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Anthropic’s Claude AI: Current Capabilities and Strategic Trajectory in Artificial Intelligence Development
Abstract This paper examines Anthropic’s Claude artificial intelligence system, analysing its current technological capabilities, safety-oriented development philosophy, and strategic future directions. Claude represents a distinctive approach to large language model development, emphasising constitutional AI principles, safety-first deployment, and enterprise-focused applications. Through examination of recent developments, including the Claude 4 model…
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Gemini AI: Current Capabilities and Future Trajectories in the Age of Multimodal Intelligence
Abstract The advent of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models has profoundly reshaped the technological landscape, with Google’s Gemini emerging as a significant contender in the realm of multimodal AI. This article provides a comprehensive overview of Gemini’s current functionalities, highlighting its unique capabilities in handling diverse data types and its…
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xAI: Current Functions and Future Directions in Artificial Intelligence for Scientific Discovery
AbstractxAI, a company dedicated to advancing human scientific discovery through artificial intelligence (AI), has emerged as a significant contributor to the AI landscape. This article examines xAI’s current offerings, including the Grok model, Aurora image generation, and the Colossus supercomputing cluster, alongside its strategic vision for the future. By integrating…
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Microsoft Copilot: Current Capabilities and Future Prospects
Abstract Microsoft Copilot is an advanced AI-powered assistant designed to enhance productivity, streamline workflows, and support creativity across various domains. This article examines its current capabilities, including web search, code assistance, text generation, image creation, and conversational memory. Furthermore, it explores prospective developments and future integration possibilities, positioning Copilot as…
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OpenAI’s Strategic Direction in AI Development
Codex, Sora, and Beyond: 1. Introduction As artificial intelligence rapidly redefines the boundaries of human-computer interaction, OpenAI remains at the forefront of this evolution. Among its notable contributions are Codex, a software engineering tool integrated into ChatGPT, and Sora, a text-to-video generation model that has garnered global attention. Yet, questions…
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ChatGPT and Web Search Integration
1. Introduction The integration of real-time web search capabilities into conversational AI systems like ChatGPT represents a significant advancement in digital information retrieval. However, a common question among users and scholars is whether ChatGPT employs its own proprietary search engine or relies on external services. This article clarifies the nature…
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Global Smartphone Market Dynamics (2023–2025)
Strategic Positioning, OS Dominance, and Emerging Risks 1. Introduction The global smartphone industry continues to evolve at the intersection of technological innovation, geopolitical factors, and shifting consumer preferences. Between 2023 and 2025, the market has remained intensely competitive, yet increasingly polarised around two dominant operating systems—Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS.…
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The Pros and Cons of AI for Bible Study
1. Introduction: A Double-Edged Tool Artificial Intelligence is rapidly transforming how individuals engage with the Bible—offering speed, insight, and accessibility previously unimaginable. However, like any powerful instrument, its application to sacred texts must be approached with both enthusiasm and discernment (Vogt, 2023). This article explores the principal benefits and challenges…
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From Scroll to Silicon: AI in the Historical Evolution of Bible Study
1. Introduction: A Journey Through Media and Meaning The Bible has journeyed through an extraordinary arc of media transformation—from oral tradition and stone inscriptions to digital apps and artificial intelligence. This progression is more than technological; it reflects the enduring human effort to preserve, interpret, and communicate divine revelation across…
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Why AI Is Important for Bible Study – For Christians and Non-Believers Alike
1. Introduction: The Meeting of Ancient Text and Modern Intelligence In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping sectors ranging from healthcare to finance, its application to religion—particularly Bible study—marks a compelling intersection between ancient wisdom and modern innovation. Far from replacing human interpretation or undermining faith, AI provides…
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Chapter 16 – Artificial Immortality or Divine Resurrection?
AI, Transhumanism, and the End of Humanity as We Know It (Creation to Nations – Chapter 16) “For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality.”— 1 Corinthians 15:53 Introduction: Humanity at the Crossroads In the unfolding story from Creation to Nations, we have traced…
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The Development and Utilisation of AI Agents
The Development and Utilisation of AI Agents: A Conceptual and Practical Analysis Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents represent a significant advancement in digital technologies, offering transformative capabilities across diverse industries. By autonomously perceiving, processing, and acting within their environments, AI agents can perform complex tasks, adapt over time, and enhance…
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The Foundational Principles of Quantum Computing
The Foundational Principles of Quantum Computing: A Conceptual and Technical Introduction Abstract Quantum computing introduces a transformative shift in computational science by leveraging quantum mechanical phenomena to perform operations far beyond the reach of classical systems. This article provides a comprehensive and logically ordered exposition of the foundational principles of…
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Real-World Applications of Quantum Computing
Real-World Applications of Quantum Computing: Transforming Industries Through Quantum Advantage Abstract Quantum computing is transitioning from theoretical exploration to practical deployment. This article explores how quantum technologies are being applied across a variety of fields including cryptography, drug discovery, finance, artificial intelligence, materials science, climate modelling, logistics, and telecommunications. By…
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Challenges and Future Prospects of Quantum Computing
Challenges and Future Prospects of Quantum Computing: Navigating Barriers and Building the Quantum Future Abstract Despite its transformative potential, quantum computing faces a range of challenges that hinder its large-scale commercial deployment. These include hardware instability, quantum decoherence, error correction limitations, and software standardisation issues. This article critically evaluates the…
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Understanding the Ethical Dimensions of AI
Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Risks, Frameworks, and Governance – Part 1 Understanding the Ethical Dimensions of AI 1. Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across global industries, redefining problem-solving, decision-making, and data analysis. While AI offers tremendous opportunities for innovation, productivity, and human advancement, it simultaneously raises…
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Ethical Theories and Frameworks Guiding Responsible AI
Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Risks, Frameworks, and Governance – Part 2 Ethical Theories and Frameworks Guiding Responsible AI 1. Introduction Following the identification of core ethical risks associated with artificial intelligence (AI) in Part 1, this section explores the ethical frameworks and theories that underpin responsible AI development and application. As…
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Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Risks, Frameworks, and Governance
Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Risks, Frameworks, and Governance – Part 3 Towards Global Governance and Regulatory Oversight 1. Introduction While ethical theories and principles offer a normative foundation for responsible AI, effective governance requires legal structures, regulatory enforcement, and international cooperation. The speed and scope of AI development demand robust mechanisms…
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Evaluating Cryptocurrencies
Evaluating Cryptocurrencies: A Comprehensive Framework for Market, Technical, and Strategic Analysis Abstract The rise of cryptocurrencies presents unprecedented opportunities for decentralised finance and digital innovation. However, the volatile and speculative nature of this asset class demands a disciplined and multi-dimensional evaluation strategy. This article outlines a structured framework for analysing…
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Skype’s Retirement and Microsoft’s Strategy
Overview Microsoft acquired Skype in 2011 for $8.5 billion and managed it for 14 years before officially shutting it down on May 5, 2025. The company prioritised Microsoft Teams over Skype, integrating many of its features instead of maintaining Skype as a separate platform. Microsoft’s Profit from Skype Why Microsoft…